We propose an edited volume on the ecology of lianas comprised of chapters written by some of the foremost ecologists in the field. We have also identified a number of junior scientists who are beginning to make an impact on the field and could contribute new research and exciting results. Ultimately, we believe that this book will address issues of importance for all ecologists, temperate and tropical alike, and will be instrumental in stimulating further research in forest ecology in general, as well as on the ecology of lianas.
The main goal of this book is to present a volume on the current status of liana ecology in
tropical and temperate forests. In essence, we will use this book as a forum to summarize and synthesize the most recent research in liana ecology and to address how this research fits into the broader field of ecology. In the course of reviewing what is new and exciting, we will point out liana-related issues that deserve more attention from researchers.
The intended audience for this book includes advanced undergraduates, graduate students, and researchers in forest ecology at the population, community, and ecosystem levels. Ideally, each chapter will include a brief introduction of the relevant concept or theory, a review of the current state of liana-related research on this theory, including the author’s own contributions. Although this book will focus on current research in liana ecology, many of the proposed chapters will also cover theories that are applicable to all ecological systems not just tropical ones and not just focusing on lianas. Consequently, we believe that this book will target a broad audience of ecologists.
Each chapter will follow a similar format. The first part of the chapter will include a concise
history and review of the concept or theory at hand. The rest of the chapter will be devoted to the presentation and interpretation of empirical data addressing that concept or theory. The author of each chapter will have the leeway to use new or unpublished data or to synthesize and summarize his/her data or data of other authors. Although we believe that the way to make this book the best is as outlined above, authors will, of course, write the manuscripts in a way that reflects their approach and style.

nexusstc/Ecology of Lianas/029b7bd9daa1947b2b1ce0526c0be6b6.pdf

lgli/Ecology of Lianas-9781118392492.pdf

lgrsnf/Ecology of Lianas-9781118392492.pdf

zlib/Biology and other natural sciences/Ecology/Stefan Schnitzer/Ecology of Lianas_2458362.pdf

The ecology of lianas

John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated

John Wiley & Sons, Ltd,

United States, United States of America

Chichester, West Sussex, 2015

Hoboken, 2014

1, PS, 2014

0

lg1284448

producers:
Acrobat Distiller 9.0.0 (Windows)

{"edition":"1","isbns":["1118392493","9781118392492"],"last_page":504,"publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell"}

Cover 1
Title Page 5
Copyright 6
Contents 7
Contributors 9
Foreword 15
Preface 17
Acknowledgements 19
Part I Introduction 21
Chapter 1 The past, present, and potential future of liana ecology 23
Overview 24
Introduction 24
Exponentially Increasing Liana Publication rate 25
Importance of Lianas in Tropical Forests 25
Liana Management: Forestry and Wildlife Impacts 26
New Frontiers in Liana Ecology 28
Acknowledgments 29
References 29
Part II Patterns of Liana Demography and Distribution: From local to Global 31
Chapter 2 Liana abundance and diversity in Cameroon's Korup National Park 33
Overview 34
Introduction 34
Results 36
Discussion 38
Acknowledgments 41
References 41
Chapter 3 Dynamics of lianas in DR Congo 43
Overview 44
Introduction 44
Lianas in the Ituri Mixed Forest 45
Discussion 50
Conclusion and Future Directions 51
Acknowledgments 52
References 52
Chapter 4 Liana composition and diversity among tropical forest types of peninsular India 56
Overview 57
Introduction 57
Material and Methods 58
Results 62
Discussion 65
References 68
Chapter 5 Diversity and distribution of lianas in Yasuní, Ecuador 70
Overview 71
Introduction 71
Sites and Methods 73
Summary Characterization of the Liana Community in Yasuní 75
Density, Diversity, and Dominance of Yasuní Lianas 76
Geographic Range of Dominant Species 80
Conclusion and Future Directions 82
References 82
Chapter 6 Liana assemblage structure in four sites across the Brazilian Amazon 85
Overview 86
Introduction 86
Methods 87
Results 89
Discussion 91
Acknowledgments 94
References 94
Chapter 7 The lianas of Barro Colorado Island, Panama 96
Overview 97
Introduction 97
Liana Ecology on Barro Colorado Island 98
The Liana Census of the BCI 50-HA Plot 99
Acknowledgments 105
References 109
Chapter 8 Diversity and distribution of lianas in Mexico 111
Overview 112
Introduction 112
Definition of Liana 113
Taxonomic Diversity 113
Endemism 115
Distribution 115
Conservation 119
Acknowledgments 121
References 121
Chapter 9 Climbing plant diversity in Australia: taxonomy, biogeography and functional traits 124
Overview 125
Introduction: Taxonomic Diversity of Australian Climbing Plants 125
Biogeographic Patterns in Australian Climbers 127
Form and Function in Australian Native Climbing Plants 129
Non-Native Climbing Plants in Australia and Their Impact 132
Conclusion and Future Directions 133
References 133
Chapter 10 Patterns of liana succession in tropical forests 136
Overview 137
Introduction 137
Lianas and Succession in Gaps 138
Patterns of Liana Succession in Secondary Forest 140
Life History Traits of Lianas During Forest Succession 142
Conclusion and Future Research 145
Acknowledgments 146
References 146
Chapter 11 Biogeographical patterns of liana abundance and diversity 151
Overview 152
Introduction 153
Standardization of Liana Sampling 154
Calculating Liana Diversity 157
Analyses of Patterns Associated with Climate and Biogeographical Region 158
Biogeographic Patterns 158
Patterns Related to Precipitation 159
Tropical Islands 162
Temperate and Subtropical Forests 162
Conclusion and Future Directions 163
Acknowledgments 163
References 164
Part III Liana-Tree Competition: Community and Ecosystem Level Effects 167
Chapter 12 Above- and belowground competition between lianas and trees 169
Overview 170
Introduction: Lianas VS. Trees 170
Competition Between Lianas and Trees 171
Untangling Above- and Belowground Liana Effects on Trees 176
In What way are Lianas Good Competitors? 178
Lianas and Trees: A Dynamic Interaction 179
Conclusion and Future Directions 179
Acknowledgments 180
References 180
Chapter 13 Impacts of lianas on forest-level carbon storage and sequestration 184
Overview 185
Introduction 185
Liana-Induced Effects on Carbon Sequestration 186
Liana-Induced Effects on Tree Species Composition 189
Do Lianas Compensate for the Liana-Induced Reduction in Tree Carbon Gains and Stocks? 190
Conclusion and Future Directions 191
Acknowledgments 191
References 191
Chapter 14 Reciprocal interactions between lianas and forest soil 195
Overview 196
Introduction 196
Soil Effects on Lianas 197
Liana Effects on Soils and Ecosystem Processes 198
Conclusion and Future Directions 204
Acknowledgments 205
References 205
Chapter 15 The role of lianas in temperate tree communities 208
Overview 209
Introduction: Temperate Lianas 209
A Hierarchical View of Liana Ecology 210
Regional Controllers 210
Landscape-Level Processes 211
Lianas Within Forest Stands 213
Liana Interactions With Individual Trees 214
Research Needs and Unanswered Questions 217
Conclusion: The Future of Lianas in Temperate Forests 218
References 219
Part IV Liana Evolution 223
Chapter 16 Climbing plants in the fossil record: Paleozoic to present 225
Overview 226
Introduction 226
The Complexity of Reading and Applying the Plant Fossil Record 227
Conclusion 235
Acknowledgments 236
References 236
Chapter 17 The evolution of angiosperm lianescence: a perspective from xylem structure-function 241
Introduction 242
Evolutionary Success of Mesangiosperms Lianas 242
An Overview of the Mesangiosperm Liana Paradigm 243
Cambial Variants and the Fundamental Role of Heteroxylly in Mesangiosperm Liana Diversification 248
The Liana Habit Beyond Vessel-Based Eudicots and Magnoliids 250
Conclusion 255
References 255
Chapter 18 Evolutionary implications of the climbing habit in plants 259
Overview 260
Introduction: Evolution and Taxonomic Distribution of the Climbing Habit 260
The Climbing Habit: an Evolutionary key Innovation 263
The Key Innovation of the Climbing Habit at an Ecological Scale 265
Conclusion and Future Directions 266
Acknowledgments 267
References 267
Part V Liana Anatomy, Physiology, and Biomechanics 271
Chapter 19 Liana anatomy: a broad perspective on structural evolution of the vascular system 273
Overview 274
Introduction: The Unique Vascular System of Lianas 274
The Lianescent Vascular Syndrome 276
Diversity and Evolution of the Cambial Variants 283
Development and Multiple Origins of Cambial Variants 289
Seasonality of Cambial Activity and Growth Rings in Lianas 294
Conclusion and Future Directions 301
Glossary 301
Acknowledgments 302
References 302
Chapter 20 Physiological implications of the liana growth form 308
Overview 309
Introduction 309
Physiological Characteristics of Leaves 311
Hydraulic Coordination Between the Stem and the Leaf 312
Whole-Plant Morphology and Transpiration 314
Conclusion and Future Directions 315
References 316
Chapter 21 Canopy chemistry expresses the life-history strategies of lianas and trees 319
Overview 320
Introduction 320
The Leaf Chemical Database 322
The Potential Role of Soils 322
The Breakdown of The Global Pattern 323
The Role of Temperature 325
Conclusion 325
Acknowledgments 326
References 326
Chapter 22 Liana-nutrient relations 329
Overview 330
Introduction 330
Leaf Mass Per area and Nitrogen Concentration 331
The Role of Potassium in Compensation for low LMA 334
Leaf Aluminum 336
Disturbance and Leaf Nutrient Levels 337
Implications for Nutrient Cycling 338
Acknowledgments 339
References 339
Chapter 23 Stem biomechanics, strength of attachment, and developmental plasticity of vines and lianas 343
Overview 344
Introduction: The Biomechanics of Lianas 344
Methods and Approaches 346
Mechanics of Attachment 348
Mechanical Properties of the Stem and Attachment 355
Conclusion and Future Directions 356
Acknowledgments 358
References 358
Part VI Liana-Animal Interactions 363
Chapter 24 Effects of lianas on canopy arthropod community structure 365
Overview 366
Introduction: Lianas as a Key Structural Element of Tropical Forests 366
Arthropod Diversity in the Tropical Forest Canopy 366
Ecological Associations Between Arthropods and Lianas 367
Arboreal Ants in Tropical Forests 368
Ecological Associations Between Ants and Lianas 369
Ant Associations With Other Climbing Plants 371
Effects of Liana Extermination on Arboreal ant Communities 372
Liana Removal Reduces Local ant Species Richness 373
Conclusion and Future Directions 376
Acknowledgments 376
References 376
Chapter 25 Liana-bird relationships: a review 382
Overview 383
Introduction: Lianas and Birds 383
Benefits and Costs of Lianas to Birds 383
Benefits and Disadvantages that Birds Provide to Lianas 389
Conservation Implications of Liana-Bird Relationships 391
Conclusion 393
Appendix 394
References 412
Chapter 26 Relationship between lianas and arboreal mammals: examining the Emmons-Gentry hypothesis 418
Overview 419
Introduction: The Emmons–Gentry Hypothesis 419
Does the Available Biogeographical and Evolutionary Evidence Support the Notion that the Pattern Observed by Emmons and Gentry is Anything Other than an Evolutionary Accident? 420
Does Research on the Contemporary Ecological Relationships Between Liana Abundance, Canopy Structure and Mammal Communities Suggest Lianas Could have Played an Important Role in Mammal Evolution? 422
Is Emmons And Gentry’s (1983) Contention that Escape from Predation was the Primary Driving Mechanism Supported, and Does it Provide for a Plausible Evolutionary Pathway to Arrive at Gliding and Prehensile Tails? 423
Are any of the Proposed Alternatives to Emmons and Gentry’s Predation Contention Better Supported or do they Provide for More Likely Evolutionary Pathways to reach both Gliding and Prehensile Tails? 423
Conclusion 425
Acknowledgments 425
References 425
Chapter 27 Use of lianas by primates: more than a food source 427
Overview 428
Introduction 428
The Role of Lianas in the Diet of Primates 431
The Impact of Lianas on Primate Behavior 439
Lianas as Determinants of Habitat use by Primates 441
Conclusion: Conservation Implications for Primates 442
Acknowledgments 443
References 443
Part VII Lianas and Forest Management and Conservation 447
Chapter 28 Lianas as invasive species in North America 449
Overview 450
Introduction: Traits and Distributions of Temperate Lianas 450
Ecological Interactions of Invasive Temperate Lianas in North America 455
Conclusion and Future Directions 457
Acknowledgments 458
References 458
Chapter 29 Ecological effects of lianas in fragmented forests 463
Overview 464
Introduction: Tropical Forest Fragmentation 464
Fragmentation Effects on Liana Diversity 465
Forest Fragmentation Effects on Liana Abundance 465
Liana Impact Upon Fragmented Vegetation Communities 466
Forest Biomass 467
Future Liana Increase Within Fragmented Forests 467
Conclusion 468
Acknowledgments 468
References 468
Chapter 30 Increasing liana abundance in neotropical forests: causes and consequences 471
Overview 472
Introduction 472
Increasing Liana Abundance in Neotropical Forests 473
Liana Increases and Tropical Forest Succession 476
Putative Reasons for Increasing Liana Abundance, Biomass, and Productivity 477
Conclusion and Future Directions 481
Acknowledgments 481
References 481
Index 485
EULA 502
Cover 1
Title Page 5
Copyright 6
Contents 7
Contributors 9
Foreword 15
Preface 17
Acknowledgements 19
Part I Introduction 21
Chapter 1 The past, present, and potential future of liana ecology 23
Overview 24
Introduction 24
Exponentially Increasing Liana Publication rate 25
Importance of Lianas in Tropical Forests 25
Liana Management: Forestry and Wildlife Impacts 26
New Frontiers in Liana Ecology 28
Acknowledgments 29
References 29
Part II Patterns of Liana Demography and Distribution: From local to Global 31
Chapter 2 Liana abundance and diversity in Cameroon's Korup National Park 33
Overview 34
Introduction 34
Results 36
Discussion 38
Acknowledgments 41
References 41
Chapter 3 Dynamics of lianas in DR Congo 43
Overview 44
Introduction 44
Lianas in the Ituri Mixed Forest 45
Discussion 50
Conclusion and Future Directions 51
Acknowledgments 52
References 52
Chapter 4 Liana composition and diversity among tropical forest types of peninsular India 56
Overview 57
Introduction 57
Material and Methods 58
Results 62
Discussion 65
References 68
Chapter 5 Diversity and distribution of lianas in Yasun铆, Ecuador 70
Overview 71
Introduction 71
Sites and Methods 73
Summary Characterization of the Liana Community in Yasun铆 75
Density, Diversity, and Dominance of Yasun铆 Lianas 76
Geographic Range of Dominant Species 80
Conclusion and Future Directions 82
References 82
Chapter 6 Liana assemblage structure in four sites across the Brazilian Amazon 85
Overview 86
Introduction 86
Methods 87
Results 89
Discussion 91
Acknowledgments 94
References 94
Chapter 7 The lianas of Barro Colorado Island, Panama 96
Overview 97
Introduction 97
Liana Ecology on Barro Colorado Island 98
The Liana Census of the BCI 50-HA Plot 99
Acknowledgments 105
References 109
Chapter 8 Diversity and distribution of lianas in Mexico 111
Overview 112
Introduction 112
Definition of Liana 113
Taxonomic Diversity 113
Endemism 115
Distribution 115
Conservation 119
Acknowledgments 121
References 121
Chapter 9 Climbing plant diversity in Australia: taxonomy, biogeography and functional traits 124
Overview 125
Introduction: Taxonomic Diversity of Australian Climbing Plants 125
Biogeographic Patterns in Australian Climbers 127
Form and Function in Australian Native Climbing Plants 129
Non-Native Climbing Plants in Australia and Their Impact 132
Conclusion and Future Directions 133
References 133
Chapter 10 Patterns of liana succession in tropical forests 136
Overview 137
Introduction 137
Lianas and Succession in Gaps 138
Patterns of Liana Succession in Secondary Forest 140
Life History Traits of Lianas During Forest Succession 142
Conclusion and Future Research 145
Acknowledgments 146
References 146
Chapter 11 Biogeographical patterns of liana abundance and diversity 151
Overview 152
Introduction 153
Standardization of Liana Sampling 154
Calculating Liana Diversity 157
Analyses of Patterns Associated with Climate and Biogeographical Region 158
Biogeographic Patterns 158
Patterns Related to Precipitation 159
Tropical Islands 162
Temperate and Subtropical Forests 162
Conclusion and Future Directions 163
Acknowledgments 163
References 164
Part III Liana-Tree Competition: Community and Ecosystem Level Effects 167
Chapter 12 Above- and belowground competition between lianas and trees 169
Overview 170
Introduction: Lianas VS. Trees 170
Competition Between Lianas and Trees 171
Untangling Above- and Belowground Liana Effects on Trees 176
In What way are Lianas Good Competitors? 178
Lianas and Trees: A Dynamic Interaction 179
Conclusion and Future Directions 179
Acknowledgments 180
References 180
Chapter 13 Impacts of lianas on forest-level carbon storage and sequestration 184
Overview 185
Introduction 185
Liana-Induced Effects on Carbon Sequestration 186
Liana-Induced Effects on Tree Species Composition 189
Do Lianas Compensate for the Liana-Induced Reduction in Tree Carbon Gains and Stocks? 190
Conclusion and Future Directions 191
Acknowledgments 191
References 191
Chapter 14 Reciprocal interactions between lianas and forest soil 195
Overview 196
Introduction 196
Soil Effects on Lianas 197
Liana Effects on Soils and Ecosystem Processes 198
Conclusion and Future Directions 204
Acknowledgments 205
References 205
Chapter 15 The role of lianas in temperate tree communities 208
Overview 209
Introduction: Temperate Lianas 209
A Hierarchical View of Liana Ecology 210
Regional Controllers 210
Landscape-Level Processes 211
Lianas Within Forest Stands 213
Liana Interactions With Individual Trees 214
Research Needs and Unanswered Questions 217
Conclusion: The Future of Lianas in Temperate Forests 218
References 219
Part IV Liana Evolution 223
Chapter 16 Climbing plants in the fossil record: Paleozoic to present 225
Overview 226
Introduction 226
The Complexity of Reading and Applying the Plant Fossil Record 227
Conclusion 235
Acknowledgments 236
References 236
Chapter 17 The evolution of angiosperm lianescence: a perspective from xylem structure-function 241
Introduction 242
Evolutionary Success of Mesangiosperms Lianas 242
An Overview of the Mesangiosperm Liana Paradigm 243
Cambial Variants and the Fundamental Role of Heteroxylly in Mesangiosperm Liana Diversification 248
The Liana Habit Beyond Vessel-Based Eudicots and Magnoliids 250
Conclusion 255
References 255
Chapter 18 Evolutionary implications of the climbing habit in plants 259
Overview 260
Introduction: Evolution and Taxonomic Distribution of the Climbing Habit 260
The Climbing Habit: an Evolutionary key Innovation 263
The Key Innovation of the Climbing Habit at an Ecological Scale 265
Conclusion and Future Directions 266
Acknowledgments 267
References 267
Part V Liana Anatomy, Physiology, and Biomechanics 271
Chapter 19 Liana anatomy: a broad perspective on structural evolution of the vascular system 273
Overview 274
Introduction: The Unique Vascular System of Lianas 274
The Lianescent Vascular Syndrome 276
Diversity and Evolution of the Cambial Variants 283
Development and Multiple Origins of Cambial Variants 289
Seasonality of Cambial Activity and Growth Rings in Lianas 294
Conclusion and Future Directions 301
Glossary 301
Acknowledgments 302
References 302
Chapter 20 Physiological implications of the liana growth form 308
Overview 309
Introduction 309
Physiological Characteristics of Leaves 311
Hydraulic Coordination Between the Stem and the Leaf 312
Whole-Plant Morphology and Transpiration 314
Conclusion and Future Directions 315
References 316
Chapter 21 Canopy chemistry expresses the life-history strategies of lianas and trees 319
Overview 320
Introduction 320
The Leaf Chemical Database 322
The Potential Role of Soils 322
The Breakdown of The Global Pattern 323
The Role of Temperature 325
Conclusion 325
Acknowledgments 326
References 326
Chapter 22 Liana-nutrient relations 329
Overview 330
Introduction 330
Leaf Mass Per area and Nitrogen Concentration 331
The Role of Potassium in Compensation for low LMA 334
Leaf Aluminum 336
Disturbance and Leaf Nutrient Levels 337
Implications for Nutrient Cycling 338
Acknowledgments 339
References 339
Chapter 23 Stem biomechanics, strength of attachment, and developmental plasticity of vines and lianas 343
Overview 344
Introduction: The Biomechanics of Lianas 344
Methods and Approaches 346
Mechanics of Attachment 348
Mechanical Properties of the Stem and Attachment 355
Conclusion and Future Directions 356
Acknowledgments 358
References 358
Part VI Liana-Animal Interactions 363
Chapter 24 Effects of lianas on canopy arthropod community structure 365
Overview 366
Introduction: Lianas as a Key Structural Element of Tropical Forests 366
Arthropod Diversity in the Tropical Forest Canopy 366
Ecological Associations Between Arthropods and Lianas 367
Arboreal Ants in Tropical Forests 368
Ecological Associations Between Ants and Lianas 369
Ant Associations With Other Climbing Plants 371
Effects of Liana Extermination on Arboreal ant Communities 372
Liana Removal Reduces Local ant Species Richness 373
Conclusion and Future Directions 376
Acknowledgments 376
References 376
Chapter 25 Liana-bird relationships: a review 382
Overview 383
Introduction: Lianas and Birds 383
Benefits and Costs of Lianas to Birds 383
Benefits and Disadvantages that Birds Provide to Lianas 389
Conservation Implications of Liana-Bird Relationships 391
Conclusion 393
Appendix 394
References 412
Chapter 26 Relationship between lianas and arboreal mammals: examining the Emmons-Gentry hypothesis 418
Overview 419
Introduction: The Emmons鈥揋entry Hypothesis 419
Does the Available Biogeographical and Evolutionary Evidence Support the Notion that the Pattern Observed by Emmons and Gentry is Anything Other than an Evolutionary Accident? 420
Does Research on the Contemporary Ecological Relationships Between Liana Abundance, Canopy Structure and Mammal Communities Suggest Lianas Could have Played an Important Role in Mammal Evolution? 422
Is Emmons And Gentry鈥檚 (1983) Contention that Escape from Predation was the Primary Driving Mechanism Supported, and Does it Provide for a Plausible Evolutionary Pathway to Arrive at Gliding and Prehensile Tails? 423
Are any of the Proposed Alternatives to Emmons and Gentry鈥檚 Predation Contention Better Supported or do they Provide for More Likely Evolutionary Pathways to reach both Gliding and Prehensile Tails? 423
Conclusion 425
Acknowledgments 425
References 425
Chapter 27 Use of lianas by primates: more than a food source 427
Overview 428
Introduction 428
The Role of Lianas in the Diet of Primates 431
The Impact of Lianas on Primate Behavior 439
Lianas as Determinants of Habitat use by Primates 441
Conclusion: Conservation Implications for Primates 442
Acknowledgments 443
References 443
Part VII Lianas and Forest Management and Conservation 447
Chapter 28 Lianas as invasive species in North America 449
Overview 450
Introduction: Traits and Distributions of Temperate Lianas 450
Ecological Interactions of Invasive Temperate Lianas in North America 455
Conclusion and Future Directions 457
Acknowledgments 458
References 458
Chapter 29 Ecological effects of lianas in fragmented forests 463
Overview 464
Introduction: Tropical Forest Fragmentation 464
Fragmentation Effects on Liana Diversity 465
Forest Fragmentation Effects on Liana Abundance 465
Liana Impact Upon Fragmented Vegetation Communities 466
Forest Biomass 467
Future Liana Increase Within Fragmented Forests 467
Conclusion 468
Acknowledgments 468
References 468
Chapter 30 Increasing liana abundance in neotropical forests: causes and consequences 471
Overview 472
Introduction 472
Increasing Liana Abundance in Neotropical Forests 473
Liana Increases and Tropical Forest Succession 476
Putative Reasons for Increasing Liana Abundance, Biomass, and Productivity 477
Conclusion and Future Directions 481
Acknowledgments 481
References 481
Index 485
EULA 502 (as-gbk-encoding)

Lianas are woody vines that were the focus of intense study by early ecologists, such as Darwin, who devoted an entire book to the natural history of climbing plants. Over the past quarter century, there has been a resurgence in the study of lianas, and liana are again recognized as important components of many forests, particularly in the tropics. The increasing amount of research on lianas has resulted in a fundamentally deeper understanding of liana ecology, evolution, and life-history, as well as the myriad roles lianas play in forest dynamics and functioning.
This book provides insight into the ecology and evolution of lianas, their anatomy, physiology, and natural history, their global abundance and distribution, and their wide-ranging effects on the myriad organisms that inhabit tropical and temperate forests.

Edited By Stefan A Schnitzer (university Of Wisconsin-milwaukee, Wi, Usa), Frans Bongers (wageningen University And Research Centre, The Netherlands), Robyn J. Burnham (university Of Michigan, Usa), Francis E. Putz (university Of Florida, Fl, Usa). Includes Bibliographical References And Index.

2014-10-23