Contributors......Page 1
Acknowledgments......Page 2
Contents......Page 3
Introduction — manipulations of human behavior......Page 4
Background......Page 5
Myth and Reality......Page 7
Is Control of Behavior Asymptotic?......Page 9
Focus On Objective Behavior......Page 12
Sources......Page 14
Scope......Page 15
References......Page 17
Introduction......Page 21
Effects of Disturbed Bodily Functions Upon Brain Function......Page 22
Manifestations of Disordered Brain Function Produced by Disturbances of Homeostasis......Page 26
Some Circumstances under Which Brain Function May Be Disturbed without Demonstrable Disturbance of Other Bodily Functions......Page 28
Isolation......Page 29
Fatigue......Page 31
THE MANIFESTATIONS OF DISORDERED BRAIN FUNCTION PRODUCED BY ISOLATION, SLEEP DEPRIVATION, AND FATIGUE......Page 32
Some Conditions under Which the Function of the Brain May Be Disturbed by Factors Not Intrinsically Harmful......Page 34
Hunger......Page 35
Pain......Page 36
DISTURBANCES OF BRAIN FUNCTION PRODUCED BY PAIN, HUNGER, AND THREATS......Page 37
Some Implications of This Information......Page 38
References......Page 43
Background......Page 51
Methodological Considerations......Page 54
Empirical Findings.......Page 57
Perceptual and Motor Abilities......Page 58
Cognitive and Learning Abilities......Page 62
Suggestibility......Page 64
Personality Findings......Page 66
Feeling States......Page 69
Imagery......Page 70
Physiological Findings......Page 74
Length of Stay in Experimental Isolation and Time Perception......Page 77
Stimulus Hunger......Page 79
Influence of Experimental Setting......Page 80
Clinical and Anecdotal Reports......Page 81
Interpretations and Implications......Page 82
References......Page 85
Introduction......Page 91
Reactions Due Primarily to the "Placebo Phenomenon," i.e., Reactions to Taking a Medicinelike Substance, Even Though It Is Pharmacologically Inert......Page 93
Silent Administration......Page 95
Reactions to Attitudes or Motivations of the Person Administering the Medication and Interacting with the Informant......Page 96
RELEVANCE OF NONPHARMACOLOGICAL FACTORS......Page 97
EFFECT OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN PERSONALITY AND CEREBRAL FUNCITIONS ON REACTIONS TO DRUGS......Page 98
EFFECT OF PHYSIOLOGIC CONDITIONS ON DRUG RESPONSES: BIOLOGIC RHYTHMS, NUTRITIONAL STATES, ISOLATION, AND FATIGUE......Page 101
The Efficacy of Drugs in Uncovering Information......Page 103
Barbiturate Sedatives and Calmatives......Page 107
Nonbarbiturate Sedatives and Calmatives......Page 108
PIPRADROL......Page 109
Hallucinogenic or Psychotomimetic Drugs......Page 110
LYSERGIC ACID (LSD)......Page 111
PHENOTHIAZINE DERIVATIVES......Page 113
RAUWOLFIA ALKALOIDS......Page 114
Counteracting Drug Effects......Page 115
Drug Research that May Produce Knowledge Applicable to Interrogation......Page 116
Methodologic Problems in Determining the Applicability of Drugs to Interrogation Procedures......Page 117
Specific Effects of Drugs in Interrogation Situations......Page 118
References......Page 121
Evaluation of Present Practices......Page 129
Response Variables and Instrumentation......Page 130
BREATHING......Page 131
BLOOD PRESSURE......Page 132
THE GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE......Page 133
VOLUME PULSE......Page 134
ELECTROMYOGRAM (MUSCULAR TENSION)......Page 135
VELOCITY OF PULSE WAVE......Page 136
Adaptation Effects......Page 137
Pretesting of Ss......Page 138
Plans for Interrogation......Page 139
Data Interpretation and Operator's Decisions......Page 140
Psychological Principles of Lie Detection......Page 143
Summary......Page 147
References......Page 148
Introduction......Page 150
Some Theoretical Views......Page 151
THE UNAWARE SUBJECT......Page 154
THE ANTAGONISTIC SUBJECT......Page 157
SUMMARY......Page 158
Behavior Violating Internalized Prohibitions......Page 159
LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS......Page 160
EXPERIMENTAL REQUIREMENTS......Page 163
NONLABORATORY INSTANCES OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR......Page 165
Recall and Accuracy of Information Obtained in Hypnosis......Page 167
Is Information More Accessible to Recall Under Hypnosis?......Page 168
The Accuracy of Information Obtained in Hypnosis......Page 169
Simulation of Hypnosis......Page 171
PREVENTING TRANCE INDUCTION......Page 172
CONCLUSION......Page 173
INDUCTION OF AMNESIA......Page 174
HYPNOSIS AS A MEANS OF RESISTANCE TO STRESS......Page 175
Autogenous Training......Page 176
SUMMARY......Page 177
Defense Against the Use of the Hypnotic Situation in Interrogation......Page 178
Social Measures......Page 179
The Magic Room Technique......Page 180
Summary and Conclusions......Page 181
References......Page 183
Introduction......Page 187
Material and Instructions......Page 188
DIRECT REQUESTS AND PROBIBITIONS......Page 189
DISCREPANCIES BETWEEN THE REACTIONS OF THE CRITICAL SUBJECT AND THE RESPONSE OF ANOTHER PERSON OR PERSONS, WITHOUT DIRECT INTERACTION BETWEEN THEM......Page 190
Properties of the Person......Page 192
PERSONALITY MEASURES......Page 193
DEVIATION FROM CORRECT OR MODAL RESPONSES......Page 194
Summary......Page 195
Differences in Shifting of Responses Attributable to Stimulus Materials Employed......Page 196
DIFFICULTY......Page 197
CONDITIONS OF PRESENTATION......Page 198
Conformity Behavior and Social Context......Page 199
ACTION STUDIES......Page 200
SUMMARY......Page 201
Composition of the Social Context......Page 202
CHARACTERISTICS OF OTHER MEMBERS......Page 204
PERSONAL ACCOUNTABILITY AND COMMITMENT......Page 207
INTERACTION WITH OTHER PARTICIPANTS PRIOR TO THE EXPERIMENTAL SERIES......Page 208
Cohesion and Valuation of Group Membership......Page 209
Pressures toward Uniformity......Page 210
Experimentally Created Differential Experience in Subjects......Page 211
SUMMARY......Page 213
Physiologic Characteristics and States of the Person......Page 214
Psychologic Properties of the Person......Page 216
Variations in Stimulus and Background Dimensions......Page 222
Variations in Background Dimensions......Page 223
Variations in Background Dimensions and Personal Characteristics......Page 224
Factors Associated with Conversion Behavior......Page 225
Task......Page 228
The Person......Page 229
Artificial Tasks vs. Significant Issues......Page 230
References......Page 231
Introduction......Page 239
Adoption of a Deceptive Role......Page 240
The Imitation of Symptoms......Page 243
Depression......Page 244
Mutism......Page 245
Some Unmasking Techniques......Page 246
Ganser Syndrome......Page 248
Mental Deficiency......Page 249
Amnesia......Page 251
Applications to Interrogation......Page 253
Detection of Malingering......Page 255
References......Page 256
Author Index......Page 261
Subject Index......Page 279

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{"last_page":292}

editors 1
Contributors 1
Acknowledgments 2
Contents 3
Introduction — manipulations of human behavior 4
Background 5
Origin of Nonrational Concern 7
Myth and Reality 7
Is Control of Behavior Asymptotic? 9
Focus On Objective Behavior 12
Scientific Purpose 14
Sources 14
Scope 15
References 17
The physiological state of the interrogation subject as it affects brain function 21
Introduction 21
Effects of Disturbed Bodily Functions Upon Brain Function 22
Manifestations of Disordered Brain Function Produced by Disturbances of Homeostasis 26
Some Circumstances under Which Brain Function May Be Disturbed without Demonstrable Disturbance of Other Bodily Functions 28
Isolation 29
Sleep Deprivation 31
Fatigue 31
THE MANIFESTATIONS OF DISORDERED BRAIN FUNCTION PRODUCED BY ISOLATION, SLEEP DEPRIVATION, AND FATIGUE 32
Some Conditions under Which the Function of the Brain May Be Disturbed by Factors Not Intrinsically Harmful 34
Hunger 35
Pain 36
Threat 37
DISTURBANCES OF BRAIN FUNCTION PRODUCED BY PAIN, HUNGER, AND THREATS 37
Some Implications of This Information 38
References 43
The effects of reduced environmental stimulation on human behavior: a review 51
Introduction 51
Background 51
Methodological Considerations 54
Empirical Findings. 57
Perceptual and Motor Abilities 58
Cognitive and Learning Abilities 62
Suggestibility 64
Personality Findings 66
Feeling States 69
Imagery 70
Physiological Findings 74
Length of Stay in Experimental Isolation and Time Perception 77
Stimulus Hunger 79
Influence of Experimental Setting 80
Clinical and Anecdotal Reports 81
Interpretations and Implications 82
References 85
The use of drugs
in interrogation 91
Introduction 91
Methodological Problems in Determining the Applicability of Drugs to Interrogation Procedures: Nonspecific Effects of Drugs on Verbal Behavior 93
Reactions Due Primarily to the "Placebo Phenomenon," i.e., Reactions to Taking a Medicinelike Substance, Even Though It Is Pharmacologically Inert 93
Silent Administration 95
Reactions to Attitudes or Motivations of the Person Administering the Medication and Interacting with the Informant 96
Drug Effects Modified by the Current State of the Recipient Organism 97
RELEVANCE OF NONPHARMACOLOGICAL FACTORS 97
EFFECT OF SEX, INTELLIGENCE AND EDUCATIONAL LEVEL ON SPEECH PATTERNS 98
EFFECT OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN PERSONALITY AND CEREBRAL FUNCITIONS ON REACTIONS TO DRUGS 98
EFFECT OF PHYSIOLOGIC CONDITIONS ON DRUG RESPONSES: BIOLOGIC RHYTHMS, NUTRITIONAL STATES, ISOLATION, AND FATIGUE 101
Methodologic Problems in Determining the Effects of Drugs on Verbal Behavior: Influence of Method of Sampling the Verbal Behavior on the Effect of a Drug 103
The Efficacy of Drugs in Uncovering Information 103
Specific Effects of Drugs on Verbal Behavior, Particularly Drugs Potentially Applicable to Interrogation Procedures 107
Barbiturate Sedatives and Calmatives 107
Nonbarbiturate Sedatives and Calmatives 108
Stimulants and Antidepressives 109
AMPHETAMINE AND ITS DERIVATIVES 109
PIPRADROL 109
METHYL-PHENIDYLACETATE (RITALIN) 110
IPRONIAZID (MARSILID) 110
Hallucinogenic or Psychotomimetic Drugs 110
MESCALINE 111
LYSERGIC ACID (LSD) 111
Major Tranquilizers 113
PHENOTHIAZINE DERIVATIVES 113
RAUWOLFIA ALKALOIDS 114
Addiction 115
Counteracting Drug Effects 115
Summary and Conclusions 116
Nature of Reviewed Studies 116
Drug Research that May Produce Knowledge Applicable to Interrogation 116
Methodologic Problems in Determining the Applicability of Drugs to Interrogation Procedures 117
The Efficacy of Drugs in Uncovering Information 118
Specific Effects of Drugs in Interrogation Situations 118
References 121
Physiological responses
as a means of
evaluating information 129
Evaluation of Present Practices 129
Response Variables and Instrumentation 130
Indices with Field and Laboratory Tests 131
BREATHING 131
BLOOD PRESSURE 132
THE GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE 133
Variables Tested Only in the Laboratory 134
PULSE RATE 134
VOLUME PULSE 134
PRESSURE PULSE 135
ELECTROMYOGRAM (MUSCULAR TENSION) 135
OCULAR MOVEMENTS 136
Proposed Variables Not Yet Tested 136
VELOCITY OF PULSE WAVE 136
GASTROINTESTINAL REACTIONS 137
THE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM 137
Interrogation Procedures 137
Adaptation Effects 137
Indoctrination of the Subject 138
Pretesting of Ss 138
Required Response of the Subject 139
Relationship of Operator and Subject 139
Plans for Interrogation 139
Data Interpretation and Operator's Decisions 140
Psychological Principles of Lie Detection 143
Summary 147
References 148
The potential uses of
hypnosis in interrogation 150
Introduction 150
Some Theoretical Views 151
Hypnosis in the Interrogation Situation 154
The Induction of Hypnosis 154
THE UNAWARE SUBJECT 154
THE ANTAGONISTIC SUBJECT 157
SUMMARY 158
The Degree of Behavioral Control Which Hypnosis Makes Possible 159
Behavior Violating Internalized Prohibitions 159
LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS 160
EXPERIMENTAL REQUIREMENTS 163
NONLABORATORY INSTANCES OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR 165
SUMMARY 167
Recall and Accuracy of Information Obtained in Hypnosis 167
Is Information More Accessible to Recall Under Hypnosis? 168
The Accuracy of Information Obtained in Hypnosis 169
SUMMARY 171
Defensive Uses of Hypnosis 171
Simulation of Hypnosis 171
Training in Hypnosis in Anticipation of Future Interrogation 172
PREVENTING TRANCE INDUCTION 172
CONCLUSION 173
INDUCTION OF AMNESIA 174
HYPNOSIS AS A MEANS OF RESISTANCE TO STRESS 175
Motivating Instructions 176
Autogenous Training 176
SUMMARY 177
Defense Against the Use of the Hypnotic Situation in Interrogation 178
Social Measures 179
The Magic Room Technique 180
SUMMARY 181
Summary and Conclusions 181
References 183
The experimental investigation of interpersonal influence 187
Introduction 187
Characteristics of the Experimental Situations 188
Material and Instructions 188
EXPRESSION OF OPINIONS, ATTITUDES, PREFERENCES, AND INTERPRETATIONS 189
TASKS REQUIRING LOGICAL ANALYSIS 189
DIRECT REQUESTS AND PROBIBITIONS 189
JUDGMENTS OF PERCEPTUAL AND FACTUAL MATERIALS 190
Framework or Social Background 190
DISCREPANCIES BETWEEN THE REACTIONS OF THE CRITICAL SUBJECT AND THE RESPONSE OF ANOTHER PERSON OR PERSONS, WITHOUT DIRECT INTERACTION BETWEEN THEM 190
EXPERIMENTER'S ANNOUNCEMENT OF GROUP NORMS 192
GROUP DISCUSSION 192
Properties of the Person 192
EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED PRIOR EXPERIENCES 193
PHYSIOLOGIC MEASURES 193
PERSONALITY MEASURES 193
Interaction among Factors 194
INDICES USED TO EVALUATE CONFORMITY, RESISTANCE, AND CONVERSION 194
PROGRESSIVE CHANGES WITH TRIALS 194
CHANGE SCORES BETWEEN PREGROUP AND POSTGROUP CONDITIONS 194
DEVIATION FROM CORRECT OR MODAL RESPONSES 194
DISCREPANCY BETWEEN OTHERS' AND SUBJECT'S RESPONSES 195
DIFFERENCES IN AVERAGE SCORES AND MAGNITUDE OF VARIABILITY BETWEEN GROUPS 195
ACTION CRITERIA 195
Summary 195
Factors Associated with Conformity Behavior 196
Differences in Shifting of Responses Attributable to Stimulus Materials Employed 196
QUALITATIVE DIFFERENCES IN THE MATERIALS JUDGED 197
DIFFICULTY 197
CONDITIONS OF PRESENTATION 198
ORIENTATION TO THE TASK 199
SUMMARY 199
Conformity Behavior and Social Context 199
EFFECT OF REACTIONS OF ANOTHER PERSON OR PERSONS 200
OPINION AND ATTITUDE EXPRESSIONS 200
ACTION STUDIES 200
JUDGMENTAL TASKS 201
SUMMARY 201
Composition of the Social Context 202
CHARACTERISTICS OF OTHER MEMBERS 204
PERSONAL ACCOUNTABILITY AND COMMITMENT 207
INTERACTION WITH OTHER PARTICIPANTS PRIOR TO THE EXPERIMENTAL SERIES 208
Cohesion and Valuation of Group Membership 209
Pressures toward Uniformity 210
Psychologic and Physiologic Properties of the Person 211
Experimentally Created Differential Experience in Subjects 211
SUMMARY 213
Differential Historical Experience in Subjects 214
Physiologic Characteristics and States of the Person 214
SUMMARY 216
Psychologic Properties of the Person 216
Combinations of Variables 222
Variations in Stimulus and Background Dimensions 222
Variations in Stimulus Dimensions and Sex 223
Variations in Background Dimensions 223
Variations in Background Dimensions and Personal Characteristics 224
Variations in Personal Characteristics 225
Factors Associated with Conversion Behavior 225
Implications for Interrogation 228
Conformity and Resistance 228
Task 228
Social Situation 229
The Person 229
Conversion 230
Future Research Directions 230
Laboratory Settings vs. Real Life Situations 230
Artificial Tasks vs. Significant Issues 230
Theory vs. Empiricism and Intuition 231
Simultaneous Variation of Factors vs. Single Variable Designs 231
Replications vs. "One-Shot" Studies 231
Conformity vs. Conversion 231
References 231
Countermanipulation
through malingering 239
Introduction 239
Adoption of a Deceptive Role 240
The Imitation of Symptoms 243
Delusions 244
Hallucinations 244
Depression 244
Confusion 245
Mutism 245
Telltales of Imposture 246
Some Unmasking Techniques 246
Ganser Syndrome 248
Other Simulations 249
Mental Deficiency 249
Amnesia 251
Applications to Interrogation 253
Conclusions 255
Detection of Malingering 255
Effectiveness of Malingering as Countermanipulation 256
Risks of Malingering 256
References 256
Author Index 261
Subject Index 279

2011-06-04