This book gives the most detailed and comprehensive physico-geographical overview of the very unique country of Mongolia. The country offers diverse geographical features and natural landscapes combined with a long history.  This book offers integrated and systematical research on the geophysical characteristics of Mongolia with an academic orientation. It provides the readers with general knowledge of the physical geography of Mongolia as well as new results of the latest research. The volume consists of 11 chapters, each written by field experts, with contributions from scientific researchers from Mongolia. The topics covered: geological and geomorphological characteristics and processes, landscapes and landforms, climate and climate change, hydrology, glaciers and permafrost, soils, environmental changes, biodiversity and many other aspects of physical geography in Mongolia. The book appeals to researchers and students of geography and related fields and can serve as a guide for field trips to Mongolia or basic literature for research projects.

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438962_1_En_Print.indd

Yembuu, Batchuluun

0008471

Author

Springer Nature Switzerland AG

Geography of the Physical Environment, 1st edition 2021, Cham, 2021

Geography of the physical environment, Cham, Switzerland, 2021

Springer Nature, Cham, 2021

Switzerland, Switzerland

1, 20210504

sci-hub for update

producers:
Springer

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Preface 6
Acknowledgements 10
Contents 11
Editor and Contributors 12
List of Figures 14
List of Tables 14
1 General Geographical Characteristics of Mongolia 21
Abstract 21
1.1 Geographical Location and Territory 21
1.2 Physical Feature 22
1.3 Climate 24
1.4 Water Resources 25
1.5 Soils, Plant and Animal Life 26
1.6 Natural Resources 26
1.7 Population and Culture 27
References 28
2 Historical Geography: Administrative Division and Research in Physical Geography of Mongolia 29
Abstract 29
2.1 Territorial and Administrative Transformation 29
2.2 History of Physical Geography Research 31
2.2.1 Early Geographical Exploration of Mongolia 31
2.2.2 Researches in the Nineteenth Century 32
2.2.3 Researches in the Twentieth Century 34
2.3 Contemporary Approaches 40
References 41
3 The Relief and Geomorphological Characteristics of Mongolia 43
Abstract 43
3.1 Overview of Geomorphological Research 43
3.2 General Description of Geomorphological Characteristics 44
3.3 The Relief Evolution 46
3.4 Morphogenetic Types of Relief 52
3.4.1 The Tectonic-Erosion Type of Relief 52
3.4.2 The Erosion-Accumulation Type of Relief 53
3.4.3 The Accumulative Type of Relief 53
3.4.4 Volcanic-Type of Relief 53
3.4.5 The Micro-Reliefs 54
3.5 Geomorphological Regions and Main Characteristics 55
3.5.1 The Mongol Altai Region 55
3.5.2 The Khuvsgul Mountains Region 56
3.5.3 The Khangai Mountains Region 58
3.5.4 The Khentii Mountains Region 59
3.5.5 The Middle Mountains of Eastern Khyangan 62
3.5.6 The Gobi-Altai Region 62
3.5.7 The Orkhon-Selenge Mid-Elevation Mountain Region 63
3.5.8 Great Lakes Depression and Valley of Lakes 64
3.5.9 Trans-Altai Gobi 65
3.5.10 The Dundgovi–Umnugovi Region 66
3.5.11 Eastern Mongolia 66
References 69
4 Climate and Climate Change of Mongolia 71
Abstract 71
4.1 Overview of the Climate Research 71
4.2 Climate Formation Factors 73
4.2.1 The Effect of Geographical Location 73
4.2.2 The Effects of Elevation and Topography 73
4.2.3 The Air Circulation Effects 74
4.3 Spatial Characteristics of the Main Climatic Parameters 75
4.3.1 Spatial Differences in Solar Radiation and Sunshine 75
4.3.2 Regional Distribution of Air Temperature 76
4.3.3 Seasonal and Spatial Distribution in Precipitation 78
4.3.4 Snow Cover 80
4.3.5 Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Air Pressure 81
4.3.6 Wind Regimes 82
4.4 Climatic Regions and Main Characteristics 85
4.5 Climate Change and Its Impact 88
4.5.1 Climate Change and Tendency 88
4.5.2 Climate Change Impact 91
4.5.3 Climate-Related Natural Disaster 92
References 94
5 Hydrography of Mongolia 97
Abstract 97
5.1 Overview of Hydrographical Research of Mongolia 97
5.2 Hydrological Characteristics of Surface Water 100
5.3 Rivers 102
5.3.1 River Runoff and Discharge 102
5.3.2 River Thermal Regime 106
5.4 Lakes 108
5.5 Mineral Springs 113
5.6 Groundwater 116
5.6.1 Groundwater Resources and Geographical Distribution 116
5.6.2 Groundwater Mineralization and Usage 118
References 118
6 Glaciers of Mongolia 121
Abstract 121
6.1 Overview of Glacial Research in Mongolia 121
6.2 Distribution and Variation of Glaciers 123
6.2.1 Glaciers of Mongol Altai Mountains 123
6.2.2 Glacier of Khangai Mountains 129
6.2.3 Glacier of Khuvsgul Mountains 129
6.2.4 Glacier of Khentii Mountains 129
6.3 The Trend of Changes in the Glaciers 130
6.4 Impact of Glaciation 133
6.4.1 Impacts in Relief 133
6.4.2 Impacts in Hydrology 134
References 136
7 Permafrost in Mongolia 138
Abstract 138
7.1 Overview of Permafrost Research in Mongolia 138
7.2 Geographical Distribution and Zones of Permafrost in Mongolia 139
7.3 Cryogenic Processes and Features 141
7.4 Active Layer 143
7.5 The Temperature State of Permafrost 145
7.6 Permafrost Degradation 147
7.6.1 Temperature Changes in Permafrost 147
7.6.2 Spatial Degradation of Permafrost 149
7.7 Permafrost Problems on Infrastructure 150
References 151
8 Soils of Mongolia 153
Abstract 153
8.1 Overview of the Soil Research 153
8.2 Soil Zones, Belts and Characteristics 155
8.3 Soil Classifications of Mongolia 164
8.4 Soil-Geographic Zoning of Mongolia 172
8.5 Soil Degradation 174
8.5.1 Water Degradation 175
8.5.2 Wind Erosion 175
References 177
9 Biogeographical Characteristics of Mongolia 179
Abstract 179
9.1 Phytogeographical Features and Studies 179
9.1.1 Phytogeographical Regions 181
9.1.2 Distribution Patterns of the Flora 182
9.2 Zoogeographical Features and Studies 186
9.2.1 Zoogeographical Regions 186
9.2.2 Distribution Patterns of the Fauna 187
9.2.3 Some Faunas 191
References 193
10 Division of the Physiographic and Natural Regions in Mongolia 195
Abstract 195
10.1 History of the Geographical Regionilization in Mongolia 195
10.1.1 Physiographic Regions 195
10.1.2 The Natural Zones and Belts 199
10.1.3 Development and Principles for Updated Classification of the Natural Zones 200
10.2 Main Characteristics of the Natural Zones and Belts 203
10.2.1 High Mountain Belt 203
10.2.2 Mountain Taiga Belt 204
10.2.3 Forested Steppe (Khangai) Zone 205
10.2.4 Steppe Zone 206
10.2.5 Semi-desert (Gobi) Zone 207
10.2.6 Desert Zone 207
10.2.7 Climate Change and Anthropogenic Impacts 208
References 210
11 Land Use and Nature Conservation in Mongolia 212
Abstract 212
11.1 Land Use and Resources 212
11.1.1 Agricultural Land Use Activity 214
11.1.2 Land of Cities, Villages and Other Settlements Land Use Activity 216
11.1.3 Forest Resources Land Use Activity 219
11.1.4 Special Needs Land Use Activity 220
11.1.5 Other (Under Roads and Networks, Water Resources) Land Use Activity 220
11.1.6 The Nature Conservation 220
11.1.7 The Tradition of the Nature Conservation 221
11.1.8 The Protected Areas 222
11.1.9 Ramsar Sites in Mongolia 224
11.1.10 World Heritage, Man and Biosphere Sites 224
11.1.11 Important Bird Areas 225
11.1.12 Transboundary Protected Areas 225
11.1.13 Ecoregions 227
References 227
Index 229

This book gives the most detailed and comprehensive physico-geographical overview of the very unique country of Mongolia. The country offers diverse geographical features and natural landscapes combined with a long history. This book offers integrated and systematical research on the geophysical characteristics of Mongolia with an academic orientation. It provides the readers with general knowledge of the physical geography of Mongolia as well as new results of the latest research. The volume consists of 11 chapters, each written by field experts, with contributions from scientific researchers from Mongolia.The topics covered: geological and geomorphological characteristics and processes, landscapes and landforms, climate and climate change, hydrology, glaciers and permafrost, soils, environmental changes, biodiversity and many other aspects of physical geography in Mongolia.The book appeals to researchers and studentsof geography and related fields and can serve as a guide for field trips to Mongolia or basic literature for research projects.
Erscheinungsdatum: 05.05.2021

2021-10-09