Rehabilitation and Probation in England and Wales, 1876-1962 draws on a wide range of archive material to describe the arrival of a modern probation service. Focusing on the first half of the twentieth century, it describes the debates, conflicts and compromises that resulted in the creation of a state sponsored, centrally controlled, professional, secular, social work and psychological based agency. Following a chronological structure, Ray Gard explores the arrival of the so-called period of 'penal optimism', showing how rehabilitation arrived in the courts of England and Wales. The book uses archive and original material to give voice to those devising and implementing policy, revealing an uneven path to a modern probation system.
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Rehabilitation and probation in England and Wales, 1876 - 1962

Gard, Raymond L.

Raymond L. Gard

Bloomsbury Publishing Plc

Taylor & Francis Ltd

Methuen Drama

History of crime, deviance and punishment series, London, 2016

History of Crime, Deviance and Punishment, 2014

United Kingdom and Ireland, United Kingdom

Reprint, PT, 2016

producers:
Acrobat Distiller 8.1.0 (Windows)

Memory of the World Librarian: outernationale

Cover 1
Half-title 3
Title 5
Copyright 6
Contents 7
Introduction 9
1 The Mission to the Police Court: 1876–1907 17
The mission 22
The day-to-day work of the mission 25
Personal accounts of the police court and the police court mission 34
An overview of the mission and its methods 37
Theorizing the mission to the police court 42
2 The First Probation Officers: Probation 1907–1914 49
Crime and the criminal in the late nineteenth century 49
Probation’s roots 53
A deteriorating population 57
The first probation officers 64
The reality of probation 71
Two reviews of probation 74
3 The Home Office Takes Control as Treatment Arrives: Probation 1914–1928 87
Crime, probation and the Great War 88
The Juvenile Organizations Committee Report of 1920 94
Probation reviewed 100
Social work’s claim to be a profession 105
Psychology and the delinquent 111
The Criminal Justice Act of 1925 and the revolutionizing of probation 117
Probation after the 1925 Act 122
Portents 128
4 The Creation of a ‘Fully Public Service’: Probation 1928–1938 131
The aft ermath of the Criminal Justice Act of 1925 132
Treating the young off ender 136
The Children and Young Persons Act of 1933 and the welfare of the child 141
The roots of the Home Office training of probation of officers 146
Practice in the 1930s 149
Applying psychoanalysis to the delinquent 159
Accusations of sentimentalism 163
The mission under fire 166
5 The Emergence of a Modern Service: Probation 1938–1948 175
The Criminal Justice Bill 1938 and the ‘short shock’ 175
Crime and the Second World War 179
Probation on a war footing 182
Changing explanations for crime 187
Probation and the outbreak of peace 191
‘The psychiatric deluge’ 197
The Criminal Justice Act 1948 and its impact on the probation service 200
6 Probation, Social Work and Psychoanalysis: Into the 1950s and Beyond 209
Probation practice, still a mixture of old and new 210
Change 213
Probation’s zenith 218
Policy, a settled consensus 224
Probation’s peak 229
Notes 232
Bibliography 249
Index 260

2025-10-27