This book offers new insights and original empirical research on private military and security companies (PMSCs), including China’s negotiation approach to governance, an account of Nigeria’s first engagement with regulatory cooperation under the threat of Boko Haram, and a study of PMSCs in Ebola-hit Western Africa. The author engages with concepts and theories from IR, Political Economy, and African studies—like regime, forum shopping, and extraversion—to describe what shapes state choices in national and international fora. The volume clarifies and spells out the needed questions and definitions and proposes a synthesis of how regime formation is shaped by ideas, interests, and institutions, starting from the proposition that regulatory cooperation consists in facilitating the acceptance and use of a single identifier for private military and security companies.
**
Review
“Private security companies are becoming an ever-greater part of how states wage war and manage internal security threats. Yet, they remain largely unregulated, posing legal and political challenges that impact international affairs. In this incisive book, Marco Boggero relies on theoretical insights of international relations and evidence from important cases to provide a rich analysis of the problem of regulating private security within the bounds of international law. This timely book is an excellent starting point for policy makers and academics alike in grappling within a critical challenge.” (Vali Nasr, Dean, School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, USA)
“The book makes an important contribution to our understanding the evolving and contested norm regarding reliance and governance of PMSCs. Inclusion of critical understudied cases in Africa is particularly important due to the tensions they illustrate between the historical sensitivity to mercenaries and current security challenges confronting weak states.” (Renée de Nevers, Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University, USA)
From the Back Cover
This book offers new insights and original empirical research on private military and security companies (PMSCs), including China’s negotiation approach to governance, an account of Nigeria’s first engagement with regulatory cooperation under the threat of Boko Haram, and a study of PMSCs in Ebola-hit Western Africa. The author engages with concepts and theories from IR, Political Economy, and African studies―like regime, forum shopping, and extraversion―to describe what shapes state choices in national and international fora. The volume clarifies and spells out the needed questions and definitions and proposes a synthesis of how regime formation is shaped by ideas, interests, and institutions, starting from the proposition that regulatory cooperation consists in facilitating the acceptance and use of a single identifier for private military and security companies.
Marco Boggero  teaches global policy at the School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, USA.
Preface 5
Acknowledgments 6
Contents 8
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms 11
List of Figures 13
List of Tables 14
Chapter 1: Introduction 15
1.1 The Complexity of Naming 16
1.1.1 Definitions 16
1.1.2 “Who Is It That Can Tell Me Who I Am?” 18
1.1.3 PMSC as a Permanent Inherited Patronym 18
1.2 Approach and Aims 21
1.2.1 Research Design 23
1.2.2 Social Norms in PMSC Governance 24
1.2.3 Norms (II): Defining Mercenary and the Anti-­Mercenary Norm 25
1.2.4 Norms (III): Content and Direction Anti-Mercenary Norm 26
1.2.5 Norms (IV): Theoretical Expectation on the Anti-­Mercenary Norm 27
1.2.6 Interests 27
1.2.7 Institutions 28
1.3 Methodology 30
References 36
Part I: Ideas, Interests, and Institutions 42
Chapter 2: The Swiss Initiative 43
2.1 Content and Significance 43
2.2 Origins 44
2.2.1 Actors 45
2.2.2 Norms: First Stage of the Initiative 46
2.3 Second Stage of the Initiative 48
2.3.1 International Aspirations 48
2.3.2 Swiss Domestic Politics 48
2.3.3 Final Stage: Montreux and the ICoC 49
2.4 Argument in Historical Perspective 50
2.4.1 The Soft Power of Institutions 50
2.4.2 Neutrality in Comparative Perspective 51
2.4.3 Neutrality in Action: Between Pro and Anti-Americanism 52
2.4.4 ICRC Under Attack 53
2.4.5 Ambiguity and Risks for ICRC 55
2.5 Conclusion 57
References 63
Chapter 3: The United Nations as Actor of Governance 66
3.1 UN Practices and Policies 66
3.1.1 Evolution of Practices 66
3.1.1.1 Significance 66
3.1.1.2 Demand for Security in African Crisis 67
3.1.1.3 Limits to the Expansion of Private Peacekeeping 67
3.1.1.4 Policy Development for Operations 68
3.2 UN as Lawmaker 69
3.2.1 Influence of the Anti-mercenary Norm: From an Unworkable Definition to a Slow Transition 70
3.2.2 How the Anti-mercenary Norm Is Still Influential 71
3.2.2.1 The Transition 71
3.2.2.2 Norm on the Monopoly on Violence 74
3.3 Organizational Contingencies 75
3.4 The Draft Convention 76
3.4.1 Origins and Aims 76
3.4.2 The Draft Convention and Montreux 77
3.4.3 Prospects and Challenges for the Draft Convention 78
3.5 Conclusions 79
References 82
Chapter 4: Testing PMSC Norms 85
4.1 Montreux + 5 86
4.1.1 Case Selection 86
4.2 Attitudes and Expectations 87
4.3 Implementation of Reforms 88
4.4 Conclusion 90
References 92
Chapter 5: Designing Institutions: The Role of the State in Voluntary Regulation 93
5.1 Potential of Voluntary Regulation 93
5.1.1 Three Innovations 94
5.2 The Challenges in Implementation 96
5.3 State Behavior 97
5.3.1 Variation in Costs of Forum Shopping 97
5.3.2 Proliferation of Standards 98
5.4 Conclusion 100
References 101
Part II: Boundaries of Regime Construction 104
Preamble 104
Relevance of IR, Norms, and Regime for Africa 105
Evolution of the Anti-Mercenary Norm 107
PMSCs in Africa 108
Chinese PMSCs and African Agency 110
References 113
Chapter 6: Contestation or Accommodation 115
6.1 What Is Meant by Foreign Enlistment and Third Country Nationals 115
6.2 Existing Explanations for Foreign Enlistment 117
6.3 What Aggravated the Anti-Mercenary Norm 117
6.3.1 Domestic Reverberations of the Wonga Coup 118
6.3.2 Iraq War: Effects of Foreign Enlistment on the Anti-­Mercenary Norm 118
6.3.3 Other Factors 119
6.4 Accommodation with Montreux: Uganda’s Strategy of Extraversion 120
6.5 Conclusion 121
References 124
Chapter 7: Nigeria’s Engagement 126
7.1 Context 126
7.2 STTEP and the Problem of Definitions 127
7.3 Changing Threats: Tracing Policy Choices 129
7.4 Elaborating a New Framework 131
7.4.1 Relevance of Montreux for Nigeria 132
7.5 Conclusion 133
References 135
Chapter 8: State and Non-State Choices in Liberia 137
8.1 Preamble 137
8.1.1 Theoretical Expectations in a Case Comparison 139
8.2 PMSCs Building the Army of Liberia 140
8.2.1 Argument for External Influence 140
8.3 Liberia and Montreux 142
8.4 Liberian Entity as Policy Entrepreneur 143
8.4.1 Piracy in the Horn of Africa 143
8.4.2 From the SS World Peace to the LISCR 144
8.4.3 LISCR and Armed Security on Board 145
8.4.4 IMO Guidelines 147
8.5 Conclusion 149
References 151
Chapter 9: Sierra Leone: Continuity and Change 155
9.1 A Source of Practice 155
9.2 Maritime Security in Sierra Leone 157
9.3 Sierra Leone and the Ebola Virus Disease 158
9.3.1 Typical Post-Disaster Challenges in Territorial States 159
9.3.2 The EVD and the Response of the State 160
9.3.3 Emergency Regulations, State Authority, and Public-­Private Assemblages 160
9.4 Conclusion 162
References 164
Chapter 10: Ideas and Interests in Africa 166
10.1 Varying Influence of Norms 166
10.2 Varying Influence of Interests 168
10.3 Democratization and Human Rights 168
10.4 Norms and Interests: The Chinese Perspective 171
10.4.1 Chinese Participation to Montreux and the UN Debates 173
10.4.2 China’s Domestic Reforms 175
10.4.3 China and the Anti-Mercenary Norm 176
10.5 Institutions 177
References 179
Chapter 11: Conclusions 183
11.1 Epilogue 185
References 188
Appendix: Participating States of the Montreux Document 190
Index 193

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Boggero, Marco

Palgrave Macmillan Springer [Distributor

Springer Nature Switzerland AG

Springer Nature, Cham, Switzerland, 2018

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Memory of the World Librarian: Calamitous Annunciation

Intro; Preface; Acknowledgments; Contents; List Of Abbreviations And Acronyms; List Of Figures; List Of Tables; Chapter 1: Introduction; 1.1 The Complexity Of Naming; 1.1.1 Definitions; 1.1.2 â#x80;#x9c;who Is It That Can Tell Me Who I Am?â#x80;#x9d;; 1.1.3 Pmsc As A Permanent Inherited Patronym; 1.2 Approach And Aims; 1.2.1 Research Design; 1.2.2 Social Norms In Pmsc Governance; 1.2.3 Norms (ii): Defining Mercenary And The Anti-ÂƯmercenary Norm; 1.2.4 Norms (iii): Content And Direction Anti-mercenary Norm; 1.2.5 Norms (iv): Theoretical Expectation On The Anti-ÂƯmercenary Norm; 1.2.6 Interests 1.2.7 Institutions1.3 Methodology; References; Part I: Ideas, Interests, And Institutions; Chapter 2: The Swiss Initiative; 2.1 Content And Significance; 2.2 Origins; 2.2.1 Actors; 2.2.2 Norms: First Stage Of The Initiative; 2.3 Second Stage Of The Initiative; 2.3.1 International Aspirations; 2.3.2 Swiss Domestic Politics; 2.3.3 Final Stage: Montreux And The Icoc; 2.4 Argument In Historical Perspective; 2.4.1 The Soft Power Of Institutions; 2.4.2 Neutrality In Comparative Perspective; 2.4.3 Neutrality In Action: Between Pro And Anti-americanism; 2.4.4 Icrc Under Attack 2.4.5 Ambiguity And Risks For Icrc2.5 Conclusion; References; Chapter 3: The United Nations As Actor Of Governance; 3.1 Un Practices And Policies; 3.1.1 Evolution Of Practices; 3.1.1.1 Significance; 3.1.1.2 Demand For Security In African Crisis; 3.1.1.3 Limits To The Expansion Of Private Peacekeeping; 3.1.1.4 Policy Development For Operations; 3.2 Un As Lawmaker; 3.2.1 Influence Of The Anti-mercenary Norm: From An Unworkable Definition To A Slow Transition; 3.2.2 How The Anti-mercenary Norm Is Still Influential; 3.2.2.1 The Transition 3.2.2.2 Norm On The Monopoly On Violence3.3 Organizational Contingencies; 3.4 The Draft Convention; 3.4.1 Origins And Aims; 3.4.2 The Draft Convention And Montreux; 3.4.3 Prospects And Challenges For The Draft Convention; 3.5 Conclusions; References; Chapter 4: Testing Pmsc Norms; 4.1 Montreux + 5; 4.1.1 Case Selection; 4.2 Attitudes And Expectations; 4.3 Implementation Of Reforms; 4.4 Conclusion; References; Chapter 5: Designing Institutions: The Role Of The State In Voluntary Regulation; 5.1 Potential Of Voluntary Regulation; 5.1.1 Three Innovations 5.2 The Challenges In Implementation5.3 State Behavior; 5.3.1 Variation In Costs Of Forum Shopping; 5.3.2 Proliferation Of Standards; 5.4 Conclusion; References; Part Ii: Boundaries Of Regime Construction; Preamble; Relevance Of Ir, Norms, And Regime For Africa; Evolution Of The Anti-mercenary Norm; Pmscs In Africa; Chinese Pmscs And African Agency; References; Chapter 6: Contestation Or Accommodation; 6.1 What Is Meant By Foreign Enlistment And Third Country Nationals; 6.2 Existing Explanations For Foreign Enlistment; 6.3 What Aggravated The Anti-mercenary Norm Marco Boggero. Includes Bibliographical References And Index.

Annotation This text offers new insights and original empirical research on private military and security companies (PMSCs), including China's negotiation approach to governance, an account of Nigeria's first engagement with regulatory cooperation under the threat of Boko Haram, and a study of PMSCs in Ebola - hit Western Africa. The author engages with concepts and theories from IR, Political Economy, and African studies - like regime, forum shopping, and extraversion - to describe what shapes state choices in national and international fora. The volume clarifies and spells out the needed questions and definitions and proposes a synthesis of how regime formation is shaped by ideas, interests, and institutions, starting from the proposition that regulatory cooperation consists in facilitating the acceptance and use of a single identifier for private military and security companies

Front Matter ....Pages i-xvii
Introduction (Marco Boggero)....Pages 1-27
Front Matter ....Pages 29-29
The Swiss Initiative (Marco Boggero)....Pages 31-53
The United Nations as Actor of Governance (Marco Boggero)....Pages 55-73
Testing PMSC Norms (Marco Boggero)....Pages 75-82
Designing Institutions: The Role of the State in Voluntary Regulation (Marco Boggero)....Pages 83-93
Front Matter ....Pages 95-105
Contestation or Accommodation (Marco Boggero)....Pages 107-117
Nigeria’s Engagement (Marco Boggero)....Pages 119-129
State and Non-State Choices in Liberia (Marco Boggero)....Pages 131-148
Sierra Leone: Continuity and Change (Marco Boggero)....Pages 149-159
Ideas and Interests in Africa (Marco Boggero)....Pages 161-177
Conclusions (Marco Boggero)....Pages 179-185
Back Matter ....Pages 187-199

2018-03-04