This book provides a close examination of Kant’s and Fichte’s idealisms, as well as the positions of their predecessors and successors, in order to isolate and evaluate various essential elements of transcendental inquiry. The authors examine Kant’s and Fichte’s contributions to transcendental idealism, transcendental arguments as a distinctive form of reasoning, and the metaphysically more ambitious forms of idealism developed by philosophers such as Schelling, Hegel, and Cohen. The book also addresses some of the most acute criticisms levelled against transcendental philosophy and explores more recent developments of the transcendental approach in the form of contemporary discourse ethics, especially as represented by Habermas and Apel. The authors also explore the contributions of a number of other important philosophers, including Husserl, Heidegger, Løgstrup, Peirce, and Putnam.
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From the Back Cover
This book provides a close examination of Kant’s and Fichte’s idealisms, as well as the positions of their predecessors and successors, in order to isolate and evaluate various essential elements of transcendental inquiry. The authors examine Kant’s and Fichte’s contributions to transcendental idealism, transcendental arguments as a distinctive form of reasoning, and the metaphysically more ambitious forms of idealism developed by philosophers such as Schelling, Hegel, and Cohen. The book also addresses some of the most acute criticisms levelled against transcendental philosophy and explores more recent developments of the transcendental approach in the form of contemporary discourse ethics, especially as represented by Habermas and Apel. The authors also explore the contributions of a number of other important philosophers, including Husserl, Heidegger, Løgstrup, Peirce, and Putnam.
About the Author
Steven Hoeltzel is Professor of Philosophy at James Madison University, USA. A specialist in Kant and post-Kantian idealism, his recent publications include “Transcendental Idealism and Theistic Commitment in Fichte,” in The Palgrave Handbook of German Idealism , ed. Matthew C. Altman (2014) and “Non-Epistemic Justification and Practical Postulation in Fichte” in Fichte and Transcendental Philosophy , ed. Daniel Breazeale and Tom Rockmore (2014). He is the editor (with Halla Kim) of Kant, Fichte, and the Legacy of Transcendental Idealism (2014).
Halla Kim is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Nebraska, Omaha, USA. He specializes in Kant/German Idealism, modern Jewish thoughts and Korean philosophy. His recent publications include “Immanuel Kant” in The Nineteenth Century Philosophy Reader , ed. Benjamin Crowe (2015) and “Nothingness in Korean Buddhism: A Struggle against Nihilism” in Nothingness in Asian Philosophy , ed. JeeLoo Liu and Douglas Berger (2014). His monograph, Kant and the Foundations of Morality was published in 2015.
Transcendental Inquiry 3
Contents 5
List of Abbreviations 7
Kant 7
Fichte 8
Hegel 9
Cohen 9
Heidegger 9
Løgstrup 10
Habermas 10
Introduction: What Hath Kant Wrought? 11
1 Kant on the “Conditions of the Possibility” of Experience 26
Possible Experience 28
Transcendental Cognition 31
The A Priori Conditions of Possible Experience 34
The Contingency of Some of the A Priori Conditions of Experience 38
Conclusion 44
2 Plato and Kantian Transcendental Constructivism 46
Philosophy and the History of Philosophy 46
Kant’s Critical Philosophy and the History of Philosophy 47
Kant and Ancient Greek Philosophy 48
Parmenides and the Cognitive Problem 50
Metaphysical Realism and Constructivism 52
Parmenides and Plato 53
Kant and Plato 54
Criticism of a Copernican Reading of the Critical Philosophy 54
Kant and Cognitive Constructivism 56
On the Double Aspect Thesis 57
Conclusion: Plato and Kantian Constructivism 58
3 Kant and Fichte on the Notion of (Transcendental) Freedom 60
Fichte’s Notion of the Three Stages of Freedom in the 1798 System of Ethics 62
Formal Freedom 63
Material Freedom 65
Moral Freedom 66
Kant’s Notion of Transcendental Practical Freedom in Relation to Fichte’s Three Stages 71
4 Fichte, Transcendental Ontology, and the Ethics of Belief 80
Transcendental Arguments and Ontological Commitment 83
Pure Reason, Nonepistemic Justification, and Metaphysical Commitment 90
Transcendental Philosophy, Pure Practical Reason, and the Ethics of Belief 97
5 Transcendental Philosophy as “Therapy of the Mind” 108
Kantian Background 110
“A New Human Being Must be Born” 116
The Therapy of the Mind 122
6 From Transcendental Philosophy to Hegel’s Developmental Method 131
Kant’s Transcendental Method 132
The Transcendental Argument Form 133
Kant’s Presentation of His Methodological Innovation 135
Hegel’s Critique of Kant’s Method 137
Hegel’s Developmental Method 139
Criterion-less Critique 140
The Transformation of Consciousness 144
“Our Contribution” 145
Hegel’s Developmental Method and Hegel’s Metaphysics 148
7 How Transcendental Is Cohen’s Critical Idealism? 151
Cohen on the “Transcendental” 152
Cohen on the Transcendental Method 158
Kant and Cohen on the Synthetic Method 163
The New Method of Transcendental Philosophy and the Concept of Origin 166
Critical Idealism Without a Subject? 176
Conclusion 180
8 Heidegger’s Failure to Overcome Transcendental Philosophy 182
The Problem of Transcendental Philosophy 182
Phenomenology as Idealism and Transcendental Philosophy 186
Heidegger’s Ambiguous Relationship with Transcendental Philosophy 190
Three Attempts to Rethink Transcendental Philosophy 194
The Hermeneutics of Factical Life 194
Transcendental Philosophy and World 196
Heidegger’s Thinking of Being 198
Conclusion 200
9 Others as the Ground of our Existence 203
Levinas 206
Løgstrup 218
10 Raising Validity Claims for Reasons 230
Transcendental Reflection 233
The Contours of Argumentative Discourse 239
Performative Self-contradictions and the Transcendental Kernel of Discourse Ethics 245
In Conclusion: The Morality in Discourse 250
11 Transcendental Arguments Based on Question–Answer Contradictions 253
Three Contradiction Types and the QA Contradiction 254
Pure QA Contradiction 256
Mixed QA Contradiction 259
Analysis of QA Relations 261
Anaphora and QA Relations 261
Presuppositions of Questions 266
Transcendental Arguments Based on QA Contradiction 272
Semantic Conditions for QA Relations 274
Logical Conditions for QA Relations 276
Obligation to Speak With Grounds 276
Prohibition Against Lying 277
Obligation of Mutual Recognition 278
Conclusion 279
12 Consequences of the Transcendental-Pragmatic Consensus Theory of Truth 282
What is the Consensus Theory of Truth? 284
How Should Wellmer’s Criticism be Read? 289
How Is the Consensus Theory Both Anti-realistic and Realistic? 292
The Problem of Truth as a Regulative Idea 295
Ultimate Grounding and Conditions for Truth 299
13 On Jürgen Habermas’s Cognitive Theory of Morality 303
Constative Statements Versus Normative Statements 304
The Lack of Alternatives for the Presuppositions and Their Justification 307
Putnam’s Criticism of Consensual Cognitivism 310
Conclusion 315
Index 316
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